What is the main function of the tumor suppressor gene TP53?

The primary function of the tumor suppressor gene TP53 is to regulate the cell cycle and prevent tumor formation. TP53, often referred to as the "guardian of the genome," plays a critical role in maintaining cellular integrity by monitoring DNA integrity and signaling cellular repair mechanisms. When DNA damage occurs, TP53 is activated to halt the cell cycle, allowing time for repair or, if the damage is irreparable, to initiate apoptosis (programmed cell death). This regulatory function is crucial in preventing the propagation of potentially cancerous cells, thus playing a significant role in tumor suppression.

In contrast, promoting cell proliferation, enhancing apoptosis in healthy cells, or inducing metastasis are not functions associated with TP53. Instead, these processes could lead to uncontrolled growth or spread of tumors, which TP53 actively works against. Therefore, understanding TP53's role in regulating the cell cycle aligns with its vital function in preventing the progression of cancer.